It appears that while the traditional house structure remained little changed, farmers saved what wealth they could in the form of portable objects like fine china, linen, and silver. This suggests that Scottish farmers adopted some aspects of English culture and corroborates later observations made by Samuel Johnson, who, when he visited MacDonald at her home on Skye, saw houses with high-quality furnishings but floors of waterlogged earth. In excavations at the black house in which Flora MacDonald was born on South Uist Island, however, James Symonds of the University of Sheffield recovered fancy English and Chinese export pottery used for stylish display and taking tea. Highland farmers lived in windowless "black" houses made of stones and turf with earth or peat floors.
Absentee landlords sought to subjugate clans by enclosing common lands and forceably displacing tenants and their cattle for more profitable activities such as sheep ranching. The English victory at Culloden hastened the breakup of the clan system. Beaudry) Įxcavations at the birthplace of Flora MacDonald, who is credited with saving Bonnie Prince Charlie after the defeat of Scottish rebels at Culloden in 1746, have yielded evidence of how poor and middle-class farmers responded to eighteenth-century social and economic changes. Ruins of Flora MacDonald's birthplace (Mary C.
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